Due to the intermittent nature, renewable energy sources (RES) has brought new\nchallenges on load balancing and energy dispatching to the Smart Grid. Potentially served as\ndistributed energy storage, Electric Vehicle�s (EV) battery can be used as a way to help mitigate the\npressure of fluctuation brought by RES and reinforce the stability of power systems. This paper gives\na comprehensive review of the current situation of EV technology and mainly emphasizing three EV\ndischarging operations which are Vehicle to Grid (V2G), Vehicle to Home (V2H), and Vehicle to\nBuilding (V2B), respectively. When needed, EV�s battery can discharge and send its surplus energy\nback to power grid, residential homes, or buildings. Based on our data analysis, we argue that V2G\nwith the largest transmission power losses is potentially less efficient compared with the other two\nmodes. We show that the residential users have the incentive to schedule the charging, V2G, and\nV2H according to the real-time price (RTP) and the market sell-back price. In addition, we discuss\nsome challenges and potential risks resulting from EVs� fast growth. Finally we propose some\nsuggestions on future power systems and also argue that some incentives or rewards need to be\nprovided to motivate EV owners to behave in the best interests of the overall power systems.
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